Babylonian Cubic Equation Problem and eTCL demo example calculator, numerical analysis edit
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gold Here is some eTCL starter code for Babylonian Cubic Equation Problems.Based on the Friberg discussion of tablet, the Babylonian algorithm for a cubic equation was loaded into an eTCL calculator. The Babylonians did not use algebra notation, so the reader will have to bear some anachronisms in the eTCL pseudocode. The tablet has a set of line by line calculations which effectively have functions for the length, front, and depth of a room constrained, multiplied, and rescaled to equal the volume of a room. Taking the length, front, and depth of a room as three constrained functions in the variable a, the product of three functions scale_constant* length(a)* front(a)* depth(a) equals 1 volume unit. For restating the problem in a computer algorithm, the room dimensions will be each in cubits and the volume unit will be in volume sars, 1 volume sar = 144 cubic cubits. In the original problem, the room dimensions were given as 3 different length units and seems unnecessarily complicated. Once the problem is set up, the Babylonians had a lookup table for n*n*(n-1) to solve for the variable a. The eTCL calculator will have to use an iterative solution for the n*n*(n-1) series. The solution from the tablet was length 6, front 4, depth 6, and volume 144 cubits.Some fragmented Babylonian tables known as n*n*(n+1) tables were used in solving some cubic equations, ref Joran Friberg. The equations were of the form n*n*(b*n+1) = c. The eTCL calculator could generate the expected tables of n*n*(n+1).Other Babylonian tables known as n*(n + 1)*(n + 2) and n*n*(n – 1) tables have been identified, but no abundant use has been cited from the known Babylonian math problems. Although not clear, tables of the n*(n + 1) might have existed. From modern theory, n · (n + 1)/2 = sum of integers (1,2,3,4...) and n*(n + 1)*(n + 2) /6 = sum of squares (1,4,9....). Possibly, the Seleucid math problem used an n*(n + 1)*(n + 2) table. Possibly, the tables for n*(n + 1)*(n + 2) and n*n*(n – 1) could have been used for cubic equations.The Seleucid method for sum of squares can be factored for sum of integers term and can be restated as a quasi_cube, ((1/3)(1+2 *n) ) * ( n(n+1)/2.) = (1/6)* n(n+1)(2n+1) = (1/6)*quasi_cube term. Another possible form for the quasi_cube (1/6)* n(n+1)(2n+1) with 2 factored out is expression 2*(1/6)* n(n+1)(n+(1/2)) . Problems for sum of squares and sum of rectangles go far back through the Selucid and Old Babylonian math, although Old Babylonian math may not demonstrate complete knowledge.Modern derivations for sum of integer squares are treating 3 step pyramids as assembled quasi_cube such as 3* (1, 2,9,16...n**2) = n*(n+1)*(n+1/2); (1, 2,9,16...n**2) = (1/3) (n*(n+1)*(n+1/2)). The volume of the assembled quasi-cube is product of length (n) , width (n+1), and height (n+1/2)If the quasi-cube n*(n + 1)*(n + 2) is treated as the modern derivations, the volume of the quasi-cube n*(n + 1)*(n + 2) is product of length (n) , width (n+1), and height (n+2). Then 3*expression = n*(n+1)*(n+2); expression = (1/3)*n*(n+1)*(n+2) . If the eTCL calculator is loaded for testcase 4 with depth n+2 at the window and front n+1 in the internal code, there is a solution at l*f*d of 6*5*7 =209 cubic cubits. Kind of a circular argument, but one problem VAT 6599 # 23 from Friberg has solution of l*f*d of 6*6*7 = 252 cc. If the depth of the cellar problem is modeled as (n+2), then the depth should be deeper than the normal (n+1) constraint. Using proportions, depth of 6*((n+2)/(n+1)), 6*((6+2)/(6+1)) = 6.857 cubits, close. Using proportions, front of 6*((n+1)/(n+2)), 6*((6+1)/(6+2)) = 5.25 cubits. Maybe, the problems with extended cellars (usually deeper by 1 cubit) are tracking with quasi-cube n*(n + 1)*(n + 2). Some proportional scheme or gaming with crt(volume)*((n+2)/(n+1)) or crt(volume)*((n+1)/(n+2)) is also possible. The Babylonian solutions on the tablets are effectively integer cubits, not the digital cubits the eTCL calculator throws out.The Babylonians did not have modern algebra notation, general notation for negative numbers, or a general solution to cubic equations. In the available problem translations, there are several mathematical techniques which were used to handle cubic problems or problems in three dimensions. The documented techniques are 1) finding coefficients or functions of the three dimensions, usually a constant times length, 2) scaling technique to reduce coefficient to unity, 3) substitution and resetting dimensions, including table look up.
Pseudocode for Babylonian style method in eTCL calculator
# using pseudocode for Babylonian style methods and table lookup (eg. cubic problems )
# possible problem instances include separate tables for cubes n*n*n and quasi_cubes
quasi_cube n*n*(n-1), quasi_cube n*(n + 1)*(n + 2),
quasi_cube n*n*(n + 1), quasi_square n*(n+1)
cube proportions of length : front : depth could be set like
1:1:1, 1:(1/2):1, 1:(2/3):1 4:(1/4):1,
testcase 1 has l/f/h as 1*a:(2/3)*a:(12*a+1)
testcase 1 has quasi_cube n*n*(n - 1) as model
depth = front ; length = depth ; cube_volume = 216
length(1*a)*front(1*a)*depth(1*a) =216 cubic cubits
set table_look_up = cube root 216
set table_look_up = [** 216 [/ 1. 3. ]] = [** $cube_volume [/ 1. 3. ]]
set a $table_look_up ;
if {quasi_cubes } { find iterative [* $n $n [- $n 1. ]] };
set length [* 1. $a ] ; set front [* 1. $a ] ; set depth [* 1. $a ]
set check_answer $length*$front*$depth =? cube_volume (yes/no?) # using pseudocode for quasi_cube n*(n + 1)*(n + 2), with Babylonian style methods.
set cube_root [expr 252**(1./3.) ] #= 6.3163
set n [int [expr $volume**(1./3.) ]] #= 6
set factor_front [expr 6.3163*((6.3163+1.)/(6.3163+2.)) ] #= 5.5567
set factor_depth [expr 6.3163*((6.3163+2.)/(6.3163+1.)) ] #= 7.1796
set check_product [* 6.3163 5.5567 7.1796 ] #=251.9880
set factor_front [expr $ n*(($n+1.)/$n+2.))
set factor_depth [expr $n *(($n+2.)/($n+1.))
set quasi_cube [expr $n*($n + 1.)*($n + 2.) ] #= n= 6.3163, quasi_cube=384.3124
set integer [expr $n*($n + 1.)*($n + 2.) ] #= n= 6, quasi_cube=336.0
set check_answer [* [round 6.3163 ] [round 5.5567] [round 7.1796 ]]
#= gives check_answer of 252
integer solution would be l/f/d = 6/5/7 cubits, [* 6 5 7 ]= 210Testcases Section
In planning any software, it is advisable to gather a number of testcases to check the results of the program. The math for the testcases can be checked by pasting statements in the TCL console. Aside from the TCL calculator display, when one presses the report button on the calculator, one will have console show access to the capacity functions (subroutines).Testcase 1
| table 1 | printed in | tcl wiki format |
|---|---|---|
| quantity | value | comment, if any |
| 1: | testcase_number | |
| 1.0 : | length cubits | |
| 0.666 : | front cubits | |
| 0.832 : | depth cubits | |
| 1.0 : | depth 2nd term cubits | |
| 144.0 : | volume cubic cubits: | |
| 180 : | volume limit table look up: | |
| 6 : | table look up solution: | |
| 143.808 : | check; product length*front*depth =? vol : | |
| 6.0 : | length cubits | |
| 3.996 : | front cubits | |
| 5.997 : | depth cubits |
Testcase 2
| table 2 | printed in | tcl wiki format |
|---|---|---|
| quantity | value | comment, if any |
| 2: | testcase_number | |
| 1.0 : | length cubits | |
| 0.666 : | front cubits | |
| 0.8329 : | depth cubits | |
| 1.0 : | depth 2nd term cubits | |
| 200.0 : | volume cubic cubits: | |
| 294 : | volume limit table look up: | |
| 7 : | table look up solution: | |
| 222.922 : | check; product length*front*depth =? vol : | |
| 7.0 : | length cubits | |
| 4.6619 : | front cubits | |
| 6.8309 : | depth cubits |
Testcase 3
| table 3 | printed in | tcl wiki format |
|---|---|---|
| quantity | value | comment, if any |
| 3: | testcase_number | |
| 1.0 : | length cubits | |
| 0.666 : | front cubits | |
| 0.8329 : | depth cubits | |
| 1.0 : | depth 2nd term cubits | |
| 300.0 : | volume cubic cubits: | |
| 448 : | volume limit table look up: | |
| 8 : | table look up solution: | |
| 326.670 : | check; product length*front*depth =? vol : | |
| 8.0 : | length cubits | |
| 5.328 : | front cubits | |
| 7.6639 : | depth cubits |
Testcase 4
| table 4 | printed in | tcl wiki format |
|---|---|---|
| quantity | value | comment, if any |
| 4: | testcase_number | |
| 1.0 : | length cubits | |
| 0.666 : | front cubits | (n+1) increase from normal code |
| 0.8329 : | depth cubits | |
| 2.0 : | depth 2nd term cubits | (n+2) increase from normal value |
| 144.0 : | volume cubic cubits: | |
| 180 : | volume limit table look up: | |
| 6 : | table look up solution: | |
| 209.772 : | check; product length*front*depth =? vol : | |
| 6.0 : | length cubits | |
| 4.996 : | front cubits | |
| 6.997 : | depth cubits | (n+2) proportional increase from normal |
Screenshots Section
figure 1.
References:
- Oneliner's Pie in the Sky
- One Liners
- Category Algorithm
- Brahmagupta Area of Cyclic Quadrilateral and eTCL demo example calculator
- Gauss Approximate Number of Primes and eTCL demo example calculator
- goggle "Babylonian Number cuneiform Series"
- Oneliner's Pie in the Sky
- One Liners
- google < Babylonian Interest Rates Wikipedia >
- Ancient Babylonian Algorithms, Donald E. Knuth, Stanford University
- The oldest example of compound interest in Sumer, seventh power of four thirds (4/3)**7 , Kazuo MUROI
- Interest, Price, and Profit: An Overview of Mathematical Economics in YBC 46981,
- Robert Middeke-Conlin Christine Proust, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot
- Compound Interest Doubling Time Rule: Extensions and Examples from Antiquities,
- Saad Taha Bakir, ISSN: 2241 - 1968 (print), 2241 – 195X (online)
- Two Sumerian Words of Fractions in Babylonian Mathematics: igi-n-gál and igi-te-en , Kazuo MUROI
- O. Neugebauer and A. Sachs, Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, American Oriental Society, Series 29. New Haven, 1945.
- K. Muroi, Interest Calculation in Babylonian Mathematics:
- New Interpretations of VAT 8521 and VAT 8528, Historia Scientiarum, 39, (1990), 29-34
- O. Nuegebauer, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity, Second edition, Dover Publication Inc., New York, 1969
- Mathematical Treasure: Old Babylonian Area Calculation, uses ancient method
- Frank J. Swetz , Pennsylvania State University
- Wikipedia, see temple of Edfu, area method used as late as 200 BC in Egypt.
- Hoyrup, Jens (1992), "The Babylonian Cellar Text BM 85200 + VAT 6599 Retranslation and Analysis"
- Square Root , Keith Vetter
- A little slide-rule
- What if you do not have exp()?
- Category Algorithm
- A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts, Joran Friberg, 2007
- Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
- Babylonian Mathematics, cubic equations, Don Allen, Texas A&M University
- Minna Burgess Connor, A historical survey of methods of solving cubic equations, master's thesis, 7-1-1956
- Crossley, John; W.-C. Lun, Anthony (1999). The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary. Oxford University Press.
- Land surveying in ancient Mesopotamia, M. A. R. Cooper
Appendix Code edit
appendix TCL programs and scripts
# pretty print from autoindent and ased editor
# Babylonian Cubic Equation Algorithm calculator
# written on Windows XP on eTCL
# working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1
# gold on TCL WIKI, 15jan2017
package require Tk
package require math::numtheory
namespace path {::tcl::mathop ::tcl::mathfunc math::numtheory }
set tcl_precision 17
frame .frame -relief flat -bg aquamarine4
pack .frame -side top -fill y -anchor center
set names {{} { length f(a) cubits : a*1 } }
lappend names { front f(a) cubits : a*(2/3)}
lappend names { depth f(a) cubits : a*12+1 : }
lappend names { depth f(a), 2nd term cubits : a*12+1 : }
lappend names { volume cubic cubits:}
lappend names {answers: length : }
lappend names {front : }
lappend names {depth :}
foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8} {
label .frame.label$i -text [lindex $names $i] -anchor e
entry .frame.entry$i -width 35 -textvariable side$i
grid .frame.label$i .frame.entry$i -sticky ew -pady 2 -padx 1 }
proc about {} {
set msg "Calculator for Babylonian Cubic Equation Algorithm
from TCL WIKI,
written on eTCL "
tk_messageBox -title "About" -message $msg }
proc table_look_up {limit } {
global look_up_function counter
set counter 1
while { $counter < 50. } {
set look_up_function [* $counter $counter [- $counter 1] ]
if { [* $counter $counter [- $counter 1] ] > [* $limit] } {return $counter ; break}
incr counter
}
}
proc calculate { } {
global answer2
global side1 side2 side3 side4 side5
global side6 side7 side8
global look_up_function counter check_product_lfd
global testcase_number
incr testcase_number
set side1 [* $side1 1. ]
set side2 [* $side2 1. ]
set side3 [* $side3 1. ]
set side4 [* $side4 1. ]
set side5 [* $side5 1. ]
set side6 [* $side6 1. ]
set side7 [* $side7 1. ]
set side8 [* $side8 1. ]
# initialize hard wired solution
set a 6.
set room_volume $side5
set a [ table_look_up $room_volume ]
set room_volume [expr ($a*$side1)*($a*$side2)*($a*$side3+$side4) ]
set length [expr $a*$side1 ]
set front [expr $a*$side2 ]
set depth [expr $a*$side3+$side4 ]
set check_product_lfd [* $length $front $depth 1. ]
set side6 $length
set side7 $front
set side8 $depth
}
proc fillup {aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh} {
.frame.entry1 insert 0 "$aa"
.frame.entry2 insert 0 "$bb"
.frame.entry3 insert 0 "$cc"
.frame.entry4 insert 0 "$dd"
.frame.entry5 insert 0 "$ee"
.frame.entry6 insert 0 "$ff"
.frame.entry7 insert 0 "$gg"
.frame.entry8 insert 0 "$hh"
}
proc clearx {} {
foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 } {
.frame.entry$i delete 0 end } }
proc reportx {} {
global side1 side2 side3 side4 side5
global side6 side7 side8
global look_up_function counter check_product_lfd
global testcase_number
console show;
puts "%|table $testcase_number|printed in| tcl wiki format|% "
puts "&| quantity| value| comment, if any|& "
puts "&| $testcase_number:|testcase_number | |&"
puts "&| $side1 :|length cubits| |&"
puts "&| $side2 :|front cubits | |& "
puts "&| $side3 :|depth cubits | |& "
puts "&| $side4 :|depth 2nd term cubits | |&"
puts "&| $side5 :|volume cubic cubits: | |&"
puts "&| $look_up_function :|volume limit table look up: | |&"
puts "&| $counter :|table look up solution: | |&"
puts "&| $check_product_lfd :|check; product length*front*depth =? vol : | |&"
puts "&| $side6 :|length cubits | |&"
puts "&| $side7 :|front cubits | |&"
puts "&| $side8 :|depth cubits | |&"
}
frame .buttons -bg aquamarine4
::ttk::button .calculator -text "Solve" -command { calculate }
::ttk::button .test2 -text "Testcase1" -command {clearx;fillup 1.0 0.666 0.833 1. 144.0 6. 4. 6.}
::ttk::button .test3 -text "Testcase2" -command {clearx;fillup 1.0 0.666 0.833 1.0 200.0 7. 4.6 6.8 }
::ttk::button .test4 -text "Testcase3" -command {clearx;fillup 1.0 0.666 0.833 1.0 300.0 8. 5.3 7.6 }
::ttk::button .clearallx -text clear -command {clearx }
::ttk::button .about -text about -command {about}
::ttk::button .cons -text report -command { reportx }
::ttk::button .exit -text exit -command {exit}
pack .calculator -in .buttons -side top -padx 10 -pady 5
pack .clearallx .cons .about .exit .test4 .test3 .test2 -side bottom -in .buttons
grid .frame .buttons -sticky ns -pady {0 10}
. configure -background aquamarine4 -highlightcolor brown -relief raised -border 30
wm title . "Babylonian Cubic Equation Algorithm Calculator" Pushbutton Operation
For the push buttons, the recommended procedure is push testcase and fill frame, change first three entries etc, push solve, and then push report. Report allows copy and paste from console.For testcases in a computer session, the eTCL calculator increments a new testcase number internally, eg. TC(1), TC(2) , TC(3) , TC(N). The testcase number is internal to the calculator and will not be printed until the report button is pushed for the current result numbers. The current result numbers will be cleared on the next solve button. The command { calculate; reportx } or { calculate ; reportx; clearx } can be added or changed to report automatically. Another wrinkle would be to print out the current text, delimiters, and numbers in a TCL wiki style table asputs " %| testcase $testcase_number | value| units |comment |%" puts " &| volume| $volume| cubic meters |based on length $side1 and width $side2 |&"
One Liner Procedures for Decimal Equivalent to some Babylonian tables edit
# following one liners are decimal equivalent to some Babylonian tables
# possible cubic problem instances include separate tables for cubes n*n*n and quasi_cubes
# quasi_cube n*n*(n-1), quasi_cube n*(n + 1)*(n + 2), quasi_cube n*n*(n + 1), quasi_square n*(n+1)
# list_integers is list of positive integers, 1 2 3 4 ... n
proc list_integers { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [* $i 1.]};return $boo}
# usage, list_integers 1 10
# 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.0
# list_reciprocals is list of 1/1 +1/2 1/3 1/4 ... 1/n
proc list_reciprocals { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [/ 1. $i ]};return $boo}
# usage, list_reciprocals 1 10
# 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 3.0 0.333 4.0 0.25 5.0 0.2 6.0 0.166 7.0 0.142 8.0 0.125 9.0 0.11 10.0 0.1
# list_squares is list of integer squares,
proc list_squares { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [* $i $i ]};return $boo}
# usage, list_squares 1 10
# 1.0 1 2.0 4 3.0 9 4.0 16 5.0 25 6.0 36 7.0 49 8.0 64 9.0 81 10.0 100
# quasi_cube2 is n*(n)*(n-1)
proc list_quasi_cube2 { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [* $i $i [- $i 1]]};return $boo}
# usage, list_quasi_cube2 1 10
# 1.0 0 2.0 4 3.0 18 4.0 48 5.0 100 6.0 180 7.0 294 8.0 448 9.0 648 10.0 900
# quasi_cube3 is n*(n+1)*(n+2)
proc list_quasi_cube3 { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [* $i [+ $i 1] [+ $i 2]]};return $boo}
# usage list_quasi_cube3 1 10
# 1.0 6 2.0 24 3.0 60 4.0 120 5.0 210 6.0 336 7.0 504 8.0 720 9.0 990 10.0 1320
# quasi_cube4 is n*(n)*(n+1)
proc list_quasi_cube4 { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [* $i $i [+ $i 1]]};return $boo}
# usage, list_quasi_cube4 1 10
# 1.0 2 2.0 12 3.0 36 4.0 80 5.0 150 6.0 252 7.0 392 8.0 576 9.0 810 10.0 1100
# quasi_square2 is n*(n+1),
proc list_quasi_square2 { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [* $i [+ $i 1]]};return $boo}
# usage, list_quasi_square2 1 10
# 1.0 2 2.0 6 3.0 12 4.0 20 5.0 30 6.0 42 7.0 56 8.0 72 9.0 90 10.0 110
# list_sum_integers
proc list_sum_integers { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [/ [* $i [+ $i 1] ] 2. ]};return $boo}
# usage, list_sum_integers 1 10
#1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 10.0 5.0 15.0 6.0 21.0 7.0 28.0 8.0 36.0 9.0 45.0 10.0 55.0
# list_sum_squares
proc list_sum_squares { aa bb} { for {set i 1} {$i<=$bb} {incr i} {lappend boo [* 1. $i ] [/ [* $i [+ $i 1.] [+ [* $i 2.] 1.]] 6.]};return $boo}
# usage list_sum_squares 1 10
# 1.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0 14.0 4.0 30.0 5.0 55.0 6.0 91.0 7.0 140.0 8.0 204.0 9.0 285.0 10.0 385.0Quasi-cubes and Quasi-squares in derivation and formulas
western derivation from ( N * (N+1)) table.
2 * 1 = 1 * 2,
2 * (1 + 2) = 2 * 3,
2 * (1 + 2 + … + 10) = 10 * 11.
2* E(1 + 2 + … + N) = N*(N+1)
E(1 + 2 + … + N) = (N*(N+1))/2.
8) E(1,N) =0.5*(N*(N+1)), sum of N numbers from 1 to N
western derivation from (N * N * (N+1)) table
2 * 1 = 1 * 2,
2 * (1 + 2) = 2 * 3
2 * E(1 + 2 + … + 10) = 10 * 11.
N * 2 * E(1 + 2 + … + N) = N * N * (N+1)
E(1 + 2 + … + N) = (N * N * (N+1))/(2*N)
9) E(1 + 2 + … + N) = (N * N * (N+1))/(2*N)
western derivation from (N * N * (N+1) table
(N * N * (N+1) = (N * N * (N+1)
(N * N * (N+1) = N * N * N + N*N
10) (N * N * (N+1) = cube(N) + square(N)
TCL expressions follow
set Quasi-square(N*(N-1), 1, N) [expr { N * (N-1)}]
set Quasi-square(N*(N+1), 1, N) [expr { N * (N+1)}]
set (N * N * (N+1)) [expr { N**3 + N**2 }]
set E(N,1, N) [expr {0.5*(N*(N+1))}]
set E(N,1, N) [expr { (N**3 + N**2)/(2.*N) }]
set Cube(N) [expr { N * N * N }]
set Quasi-cube1(N) [expr { (N * N * (N+1)) } ]
set Quasi-cube2(N) [expr { (N * N * (N-1)) } ]
set Quasi-cube3(N) [ expr { (N * N * (N-2)) } ]
set Quasi-cube4(N) [ expr { (N * (N+1) * (N+2)) } ]
set E( (N*N+1),1,N) [expr { (1./3)*(N * (N+1) * (N+2))}]Trying to boil cuneiform math down to simple phrases. Main reference was "A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts" by Joran Friberg. Cuneiform phases use () for understood, not on tablet. Cubes and Quasi-cubes are related to summation theorems. Transliteration: (square) N .e N íb.si8 (tablet phrase). 1) trans. (square) N makes N equalsided (where N is an integer). related terms ib.si8 and sa observed with squares. sa also has observed connotation as rates and coefficients. homophome si (plain) observed with cubes. homophome si8 not observed with strictly cubes. Suggested: (quasi-square) N .e N ib.si.1.la (tablet phrase). 2) poss. trans. (quasi-square ( N * (N-1)) N makes N equalsided. 3) Transliteration: (cube) N N (where N is an integer) (tablet phrase). Transliteration: (cube) N .e N ba.si-tam (tablet phrase). 4) (cube) N makes N likesided (in accusative) (where N is an integer). 5) (quasi-cube) N makes N (accusative) likesided (where N is an integer). Transliteration: (quasi-cube) N .e N ba.si (tablet phrase). 6) trans. (quasi-cube (N * N * (N+1)) N makes N likesided. (where N is an integer, 1 to 60 in table). Either troubling or revealing, phrases for quasi-cube exactly the same. as some cube tables (N*N*N). Suggested: (quasi-cube) N .e N ba.si.1.la (tablet phrase). 7) poss. trans. (quasi-cube (N * N * (N-1)) N makes N likesided. Term ba.si.1.la means “cube-minus-1”. or “cube lacking one” creating a quasi-cube. Analog to Roman numerals, 4 = {IV} , 5 lacking one. Analog to Sumerian cuneiform numerals, 19 = { | << }, 20 lacking one.From the math problems and math tables on clay tablets, the Babylonian mathematicians did not make derivations, axioms, explanations, and propositions for Algebraic formulas and derivations in general terms (N+1,N*N,N*N*N), like the Classic Greek and modern notations. On some Babylonian math tables (not all), there are cuneiform headers and phrases with the numbers listed as squares, cubes, and metrological units. While the terms on the Babylonian square and cube tables are not completely understood here, the analysis will develop some peg points or propositions for the understanding of the extant Babylonian algorithms for the transformation and development of the TCL algorithms. For 2-d geometric figures, squares of sides are proportional to surface area, N*N =oc surface area. For 3-d geometric figures, cubes of sides are proportional to volume, N*N*N =oc volume. The summation E(1+2+3...N) equals (N*(N+1))/2. , which is equivalent to E(N) = 0.5*(N*(N+1)). The summation E(1+2+3...N) equals (N*(N+1))/2.=0.5*(N*(N+1)). The summation E(1+2+3...N) equals (N * N * (N+1))/(2*N). For a 2-d figure of equal sides and substituting, the summation E(1+2+3...N) is proportional to surface area. For a 3-d figure of equal sides and substituting, the summation E(1+2+3...N) is proportional to volume.
Console Program for Square Root, based on Newton's method from Square Root edit
# autoindent from ased editor
# console program for babylonian algorithm for roots.
# combined tablet formulas and Newton's method
# written on Windows XP on eTCL
# working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1
# TCL WIKI , 12dec2016
console show
package require math::numtheory
namespace path {::tcl::mathop ::tcl::mathfunc math::numtheory }
set tcl_precision 17
proc square_root_function { number_for_root } {
set counter 0
set epsilon .0001
while { $counter < 50. } {
if { [* $counter $counter 1. ] > [* $number_for_root 1.] } {break}
incr counter
}
set square_root_estimate $counter
while {1} {
set keeper $square_root_estimate
set starter $square_root_estimate
set remainder [* $starter $starter 1. ]
set remainder [- $number_for_root [* $starter $starter 1. ] ]
set square_root_estimate [+ $starter [/ $remainder [* 2. $starter ]]]
if {abs($keeper - $square_root_estimate) < $epsilon} break
}
return $square_root_estimate
}
puts " square root of 2 is >> [square_root_function 2 ] "gold This page is copyrighted under the TCL/TK license terms, this license
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